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Planetary News: Mercury (2008)

MESSENGER Set for First Spacecraft Swing Past Mercury in 33 Years

Click to enlarge > MESSENGER's first view of Mercury MESSENGER snapped this image of a crescent Mercury on January 9 when it was about 2.7 million kilometers from the planet. Credit: NASA / JHUAPL / CIW

Mercury scientists' very long wait for new data from a spacecraft at Mercury will finally come to an end on Monday, when MESSENGER makes its first close approach to the innermost planet.  The last (and first) visitor to Mercury was Mariner 10, which flew past the planet three times in 1974 and 1975.  Since Mariner 10's 3,500 images of the planet covered only 45 percent of its surface, Mercury has the largest surface of any solar system body -- including Pluto -- never yet observed up close.  MESSENGER's first flyby will change that, generating 700 gigabytes of data, including 1,300 images, over 55 hours surrounding the closest approach on January 14, 2008 at 19:04:42 UTC (11:04:42 PST).

MESSENGER is near the midpoint of its seven-year journey to Mercury orbit.  As MESSENGER Mission Systems Engineer Eric Finnegan explained during a press conference held this morning, it has already completed three planetary gravity assists and two deep-space maneuvers and "is now poised to start the last leg of its odyssey of the inner solar system."  This last leg will include three flybys of Mercury before orbit insertion in 2011.  Each flyby will slow the spacecraft, dropping it into a lower orbit with a shorter period, Finnegan said.  "After being lapped by Mercury many times in their race around the Sun, MESSENGER will ultimately match the 88-day orbital period of the innermost planet."  The primary goal of the first Mercury encounter is to slow the spacecraft by 5,000 miles per hour and decrease its orbital period by 11 days.

Click to enlarge > MESSENGER's journey to Mercury MESSENGER's trip to Mercury requires a total of six gravity assists (one of Earth, two of Venus, and three of Mercury) to permit it to enter orbit at the small planet close to the Sun. This animation shows that journey and the motions of Venus and Mercury using a frame of reference that holds the Earth-Sun line fixed. Credit: NASA / JHUAPL / Carnegie Institution of Washington

MESSENGER's Firsts

Although the gravity assist is the primary goal, MESSENGER's science team plans to take advantage of the first Mercury flyby in 33 years to perform a crammed schedule of observations.  In fact, mindful of the hazards faced by any space mission, the science team aims to accomplish as many mission science goals as possible even before they get into orbit.  The most visible result of the flyby will be the first images of the side of Mercury unexplored by Mariner 10, including the left half of a huge multi-ringed impact basin named Caloris.  Because of its trajectory, Mariner 10's three flybys happened exactly one Mercury solar day apart, which means that the same range of longitudes on Mercury was sunlit all three times (from 350 through 0 to 170 degrees East longitude).

For MESSENGER's first Mercury flyby, a different longitude range will be illuminated, from 96 to 276 degrees East.  So slightly more than 100 degrees of longitude, or 30 percent of Mercury's surface, will be imaged for the first time up close. "Probably the first thing that most of us want to see [from MESSENGER] is what the other 55% of Mercury's surface looks like," says MESSENGER Participating Scientist Faith Vilas.  "If you've followed any of solar system exploration, you know that you can't get cocky about this; every solar system body looks different from every other solar system body."  Vilas was referring obliquely to the idea that Mercury is a ho-hum copy of the Moon.  She pointed to the early history of Mars exploration, when each spacecraft produced discoveries of new landforms leading to entirely different interpretations of that planet's geologic history, and predicted that the unseen hemisphere of Mercury should hold "big surprises."

Click to enlarge > Mariner 10 map of Mercury Mariner 10 flew by Mercury three times in 1974 and 1975, seeing the same hemisphere sunlit each time. As a result, fully half of Mercury's surface is still terra incognita. Some of the blank area on this map has been imaged from Earth at lower resolution using radio telescopes. Credit: USGS / NASA / Mark Robinson / Steve Albers

Apart from the imaging, there will be many other firsts, explained MESSENGER principal investigator Sean Solomon.  "We're going to make the first measurements ever made of the elemental composition of Mercury's surface.  We're going to make the first spacecraft measurements of its surface reflectance in visible, ultraviolet, and near-infrared light, to give us important clues to the mineral makeup of Mercury's surface materials.

Click to enlarge > Mercury's exosphere and tail Mercury has an exosphere and an extended tail, much like a comet. On MESSENGER's first flyby of the planet, its trajectory (red line) takes it straight through the tail on Mercury's night side. Credit: NASA / JHUAPL / CIW

"Mercury is the only inner planet [other than Earth] to have a global-scale magnetic field -- we don't know why -- and what could provide the answer is better measurements of the geometry of that field.  Mercury's tenuous atmosphere is very dynamic; we don't understand it.  Some of the atmospheric material, including sodium, is in a huge tail that extends many planetary radii from the planet.  We're gong to fly through that tail and make measurements of it."  In fact, the three Mercury flybys provide a unique opportunity to observe this tail region of Mercury's atmosphere and magnetic field; these regions will not be accessible to MESSENGER once it enters orbit.

Solomon continued, "We're going to make the first laser altimetric measurements of the shape and topography of Mercury.  That is going to improve our understanding of the gravity field first sensed by Mariner 10.  That information will, in turn, tell us about the internal structure of Mercury, in particular the nature of its huge core."  Understanding why Mercury's core is so large -- the planet is approximately two-thirds iron metal -- could illuminate some of the dynamic and chaotic workings of the inner solar system, Solomon explained.  "The discovery of extrasolar planets made planetary scientists aware of the fact that even giant planets like Jupiter are capable of migrating.  Interactions could have kicked objects to substantially different places in the solar system than they started out.  And so something as small as Mercury need not have formed in place.  It may have, but we have to go into this with an open mind, recognizing that we don't know what we're going to find."

Flyby Timeline

Click to enlarge > Science observations during MESSENGER's first flyby of Mercury This animation contains 17 frames from a high-definition movie of MESSENGER's first flyby of Mercury. Blue squares show the fields of view of wide- and narrow-angle cameras at different times during the encounter (the wide-angle camera has a field of view 7 times larger than the narrow-angle camera). The full animation is available from the MESSENGER website in low and high resolutions (10.4 MB and 84.2 MB), covering the time from 2 hours and 40 minutes before closest approach to 1 hour and 45 minutes after closest approach, with time sped up by a factor of about 90. Credit: NASA / JHUAPL

As MESSENGER will streak past Mercury at a relative speed of 7.2 kilometers per second (16,000 miles per hour), it has a relatively short period of to accomplish all these science goals.  The timeline begins Sunday morning, when MESSENGER will turn its main communications dish away from Earth to point its instruments at Mercury, its magnetic field, and atmosphere.  For the next 55 hours, there will be no telemetry or data received from the spacecraft, but tracking stations should still be able to pick up the spacecraft's radio beacon except for a period of 48 minutes around closest approach, when the bulk of Mercury will block Earth's view of the spacecraft.

In the middle of this occultation period, MESSENGER will also pass behind Mercury as seen from the Sun, entering a 14-minute period without solar power.  And while it is both occulted from view at Earth and eclipsed from the Sun by Mercury, MESSENGER will pass its closest approach to the planet, merely 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the surface.  Although loss of radio contact with a spacecraft always leads to some anxiety, Solomon pointed out that the first Mercury flyby is MESSENGER's fourth planetary flyby (following one of Earth, on August 2, 2005, and two of Venus, on October 24, 2006 and June 6, 2007), and he had no particular concern about being able to recover the signal from the spacecraft once the occultation period ends.

MESSENGER's first view of Mercury Credit: NASA / JHUAPL / CIW

Data won't begin streaming down from the spacecraft until 22 hours after closest approach, midday on Tuesday Eastern time; and the first views of Mercury to be returned will be ones taken during the approach phase, when MESSENGER's view is of a thin crescent, with the only sunlit terrain being that already imaged by Mariner 10.  The first images of the previously unseen regions will likely not be returned until Wednesday, and the rest of the data may take a week to arrive on Earth.  Therefore, Finnegan said, it may take "one or two weeks" for the first images to be released to the public.  Data to be taken during the flyby will eventually yield two movies, a color one of Mercury's growing crescent from the approach phase, and a monochrome one of its retreating globe from the departure phase.  In addition, many high-resolution mosaics covering the surface of the planet are planned, including one that should stretch 9,000 pixels from north to south.

Following is a moment-by-moment timeline of MESSENGER's science observation plans for the flyby.

Looking Ahead

Click to enlarge > Mercury in color from Mariner 10 This mosaic of Mercury was assembled by Ted Stryk from many individual frames taken by Mariner 10 as it departed Mercury after its first flyby on March 29, 1974. The Caloris basin is just visible on the terminator (day-night boundary) on the left side of the image. Stryk composed this false-color view by using ultraviolet frames in the blue channel, blue frames in the green channel, and "minus UV" in the red channel. This image represents the best global view of Mercury before MESSENGER. Credit: NASA / JPL / Ted Stryk

MESSENGER's science team will hardly have a chance to digest the data from the first flyby before the spacecraft approaches for its second Mercury flyby, on October 6, 2008.  That encounter will also have its closest approach on Mercury's night side (a geometry dictated by the physics of the gravity assist), but it will take place almost exactly 1.5 solar days later, meaning that almost exactly the opposite hemisphere of Mercury will be illuminated.  Thus, by the end of 2008, we should have in hand a nearly complete map of Mercury from MESSENGER. 

Stay tuned to The Planetary Society Weblog for the latest images and news from MESSENGER!